The Roman King L. Tarquinius Priscus According to Livy

Like the reigns of the kings of Rome who preceded L. Tarquinius Priscus (Romulus, Numa Pompilius, Tullius Ostilius, and Ancus Marcius), and those who followed him (Servius Tullius, and L. Tarquinius Superbus), the reign of the Roman King L. Tarquinius Priscus is shrouded in legend. The Story of Tarquinius Priscus According to Livy An Ambitious CoupleProud Tanaquil, born to one of the foremost  Etruscan families in Tarquinii (an Etrurian city northwest of Rome) was unhappy with her rich husband, Lucumo -- not with her husband as a man, but with his social status. On his mothers side, Lucumo was Etruscan, but he was also the son of a foreigner, a Corinthian noble and refugee named Demaratus. Lucumo agreed with Tanaquil that their social status would be enhanced if they moved to a new city, like Rome, where social status wasnt yet measured by genealogy. Their plans for the future seemed to have divine blessing -- or so thought Tanaquil, a woman trained in at least rudimentary arts of Etruscan divination,* for she interpreted the omen of an eagle swooping down to place a cap on Lucumos head as the gods selection of her husband as a king. Upon entering the city of Rome, Lucumo took the name of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus. His wealth and behavior won Tarquin important friends, including the king, Ancus, who, in his will, appointed Tarquin guardian of his children. Ancus ruled for twenty-four years, during which time his sons almost grew up. After Ancus died, Tarquin, acting as a guardian, sent the boys on a hunting trip, leaving him free to canvass for votes. Successful, Tarquin persuaded the people of Rome that he was the best choice for king. * According to Iain McDougall, this is the only truly Etruscan trait Livy mentions in connection with Tanaquil. Divination was a mans occupation, but women could have learned certain common basic signs. Tanaquil may otherwise be viewed as a woman of the Augustan age. The Legacy of L. Tarquinius Priscus - Part ITo garner political support, Tarquin created 100 new senators. Then he waged war against the Latins. He took their town of Apiolae and, in honor of the victory, started the Ludi Romani (Roman Games), which consisted of boxing and horse racing. Tarquin marked out for the Games the spot that became the Circus Maximus. He also established viewing spots, or fori (forum), for the patricians and knights. ExpansionThe Sabines soon attacked Rome. The first battle ended in a draw, but after Tarquin increased the Roman cavalry he defeated the Sabines and forced an unequivocal surrender of Collatia. The king asked, Have you been sent as envoys and commissioners by the people of Collatia to make the surrender of yourselves and the people of Collatia? We have. And is the people of Collatia an independent people? It is. Do you surrender into my power and that of the People of Rome yourselves, and the people of Collatia, your city, lands, water, boundaries, temples, sacred vessels all things divine and human? We do surrender them. Then I accept them.Livy Book I Chapter: 38 Soon he set his sights on Latium. One by one, the towns capitulated. The Legacy of L. Tarquinius Priscus - Part IIEven before the Sabine War, he had started to fortify Rome with a stone wall, Now that he was at peace he continued. In areas where water couldnt drain he built drainage systems to empty into the Tiber. Son-in-lawTanaquil interpreted another omen for her husband. A boy who may have been a slave was sleeping when flames surrounded his head. Instead of dousing him with water, she insisted he be left untouched until he woke of his own accord. When he did, the flames disappeared. Tanaquil told her husband that the boy, Servius Tullius would be a light to us in trouble and perplexity, and a protection to our tottering house. From then on, Servius was raised as their own and in time was given Tarquins daughter as wife a sure sign that he was the preferred successor. This angered the sons of Ancus. They figured the odds of their winning the throne were greater if Tarquin were dead than Servius, so they devised and carried out Tarquins assassination. With Tarquin dead from an ax through the head, Tanaquil devised a plan. She would deny to the public that her husband was mortally wounded while Servius would carry on as the king pro-temp, pretending to consult with Tarquin on various issues. This plan worked for a while. In time, word spread of Tarquins death. However, by this time Servius was already in control. Servius was the first king of Rome who was not elected. Kings of Rome 753-715 Romulus715-673 Numa Pompilius673-642 Tullus Hostilius642-617 Ancus Marcius616-579 L. Tarquinius Priscus578-535 Servius Tullius (Reforms)534-510 L. Tarquinius Superbus

Psychological And Social Influences On Smoking Behaviour

PSY101 Psychosocial Aspects of Health and Wellbeing Year 1, Semester 2. Coursework 1: Psychological and social influences on smoking behaviour Yinka Oladokun B00669560 B.Sc. Hons Psychology Introduction Smoking is a particularly common and intractable addictive disorder and is the leading preventable cause of many preventable chronic illnesses and death, responsible for approximately six million annual mortalities Yet, despite the well documented consequences of smoking, despite the unequivocal benefits of quitting and despite facts such as that approximately 17,000 people die each day in the world from smoking prematurely, over a billion people around the world still continue to smoke people continue to engage in this health risk behaviour(www.who.int). This leads us to question what motivates an individual to smoke, and not to smoke. This essay will answer this question by featuring an exploration of the motivational psychological and sociological influences on the perpetuation, maintenance and cessation of smoking, primarily focusing on the application of the Health Belief Model (HBM) to smoking, briefly discussing the roles personality and self-efficacy play in influencing individuals’ attitudes towards smoking. The sociological aspect of this essay will examine how social factors impact individuals’ smoking behaviour, emphasising the role of gender, with reference to the Social–Learning Theory (SLT). Psychological Factors A major social cognitionShow MoreRelatedContribution of Psychology and Social Psychology to the Study of Health and Welfare Issues1358 Words   |  6 PagesPsychology and Social Psychology to the Study of Health and Welfare Issues In this assignment I will be comparing and contrasting two psychological approaches demonstrating their relevance to understanding a health issue. 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A Report on Leadership and Organization

Question: Describe about the Report on Leadership and Organization? Answer: Leadership Assignment Introduction: The report aims at critically evaluating the evidences that transformational leadership impacts positively upon employee motivation and organizational culture and thereby influences the success of the business. From various literatures it is identified that transformational leadership style is much more effective for the longer term. Thus, this report discusses the major impacts of this leadership style along with major evidences from the business environment. Transformational Leadership in Business: As per several researches, transformational leadership in business may result in some excellent changes towards desired direction. An instance can be a new chief executive officer who revitalizes a firm as well as returns to profitability (Al-Mailam, 2004). The concept of transformational leadership refers to the leadership approach which results in change in individuals as well as social systems. Ideally, the leadership style creates valuable as well as positive change within the followers along with the ultimate goal of transforming followers into leaders. This leadership style increases the morale, motivation, and overall performances of the followers with the aid of varied mechanisms (Ali Shurbagi, 2014). The process includes linking the sense of identity of the followers to the overall mission of the organization, acting as role models for the followers to inspire them, motivating them to take up the ownership, and aligning tasks to followers after proper understanding of the st rengths as well as weaknesses of those followers to maximize their performances (Simpson, Green and Scott, 2011). The responsibility of every organizational manager within the workplace is to exhibit leadership qualities. It is often a mistake in the assumption of the managers that since they are the managers they are even the leaders and hence their subordinates would automatically follow them. However in reality, organizational position denotes title only and not leadership. Among the various available leadership styles exhibited by leaders, transformational leadership approach enables managers to be exceptional leaders (Chapparamani and Jyothi, 2011). To apply transformational leadership approach within the workplace, it is important for every individual to understand the exact concept of this leadership style. To define simply, transformational leadership refers to the process which changes as well as transforms every individual. This leadership style incorporates changes within individuals so as to improve and lead. The style involves assessment of the motives of the associates, satisfactio n of their needs, and rendering value to them (Chen and Silverthorne, 2005). So, in an organization, transformational leaders can render increased success to the organization by giving value to the members. An instance that can be referred to here is that of Sam Walton, the founder of Wal-Mart. He often visited the stores of Wal-Mart across the nation to meet with every organizational employee and deliver them appreciation for their contribution towards the company (Chiu, 2010). Four different factors exist in transformational leadership, namely inspirational motivation, idealized influence, individual consideration, and intellectual stimulation. Inspiration motivation refers to managers who encourage members to commit towards organizational vision. Managers having inspirational motivation are said to encourage team spirit for achieving goals of enhanced profit and market growth for the organization. Idealized influence refers to the managers who act as influential role models for the members. Such managers can be highly trusted and respected by the organizational members to make effective organizational decisions (Chreim, 2014). Individual consideration refers to the managers who are like advisors to the team members. They motivate members for achieving objectives that are beneficial for both members and that of organizations. Intellectual stimulation refers to the managers who seek innovation as well as creativity by challenging the usual beliefs of the team members. These managers encourage critical thinking as well as problem solving within workplace(Clarke, 2011). Effective style of transformational leadership leads to performances which exceed all expectations of the organization. All the four factors of transformational leadership as mentioned above result in performance beyond expectation. When managers act as strong role models, innovators, motivators, and advisors, they are said to utilize all the above factors to enable transformation of their associates into increasingly successful members (Tan et al., 2013). Compare Contrast: Transformational leadership may be contrasted with other leadership styles like transactional style as well as autocratic style. It emphasizes upon the responsibilities of organization, supervision and group contribution. Here, the leader encourages his members by means of rewards as well as penalties. It has a negative impact in a way that when leaders punish members for undesirable performances, it leads to adverse mental influences, and often leads to negative outcomes. On the other hand, autocratic leadership refers to the dictating policies of leader who decides upon goals to be achieved, including to that of controlling as well as directing activities without effective participation of employees. This reflects dictatorship of a leader which is strictly undesirable. Another style that may be focused is democratic leadership style that comprises of leader who share abilities of decision-making along with team members by encouraging interests of all members with practice of social equality. In contrast to these styles, transformational leadership style is far more effective and inspiring for organizational members. Application of Transformational Leadership: Since the concept of transformational leadership encompasses wider aspects in leadership, no particular steps exist to be followed by a manager. Thus being an effective transformational leader is a dedicated process. So it needs enormous and careful efforts to be a transformational leader(Fisher and Robbins, 2014). Transformational leaders must possess the following attributes: The managers empower members to do what is best suited for the organization They are potential role models with high values They listen to every perspective for developing the spirit of cooperation The managers create vision with the help of the organizational people (Holly and Igwee, 2011) The managers act as change agent to set example in initiating and implementing changes Transformational managers support the organization by helping members From the business world, instances can be cited that reflect upon the most desired or practices form of leadership style. Bill Gates is regarded most in the world of business and ranks one of the top ten business leaders of the globe. He was known to be highly demanding as well as bit abrasive as a boss and promoted creativity as well as innovation. He recognized individual as well as team achievement(Iszatt-White, 2009). Bill gates exhibited more than one type of leadership, most transformational and authoritarian. Authoritarian leaders prefer keeping the control. He demanded so much of control that he even signed off the expense of Steve Ballmer who stood second in command. Authoritarian leadership is effective in cases of emergencies where quick decisions are required. Hence, major success of Bill Gates can be attributed to the quick-decision making quality(Pinnington, 2011). Technology: There have been several transformational changes within the technology, and also more to be expected in the future. The innovative development of computing technology by IBM, Apple, Intel Microsoft and others signified a transformational event. The co-founder of Apple, Steve Jobs and others had transformed several business processes by means of software application as well as high-speed microprocessors (Kennedy, 2008). During 1990s technologically another transformation had occurred in form of development of roadmaps by Yahoo and Google through search engines, eBay, and Amazon ecommerce. On the other hand Apple continued to rule the world of technology with mobile services. Financial Services: In the sector of financial services, the transformational leader include founder Edward Johnson as well as star portfolio manager Peter Lynch, a leader in mutual funds. Another pioneer of index funds is John Bogle (Khany and Ghoreishi, 2014). Index funds are in fact mutual funds which track key indexes. The funds have eventually transformed the manner people invest since they offer diversification as well as professional money handling at lower cost. The revolution of the internet has increasingly affected the financial sector. Investors have taken effective charge of their investments by means of opening accounts with discount brokerages online. Investors now are own financial planners. Diversified: Diversified businesses function within several industries. It is Warren Buffett who actually transformed the clothing manufacturer, Berkshire Hathaway, to a great company which outperformed consistently all its competitors (Muchtar and Qamariah, 2014). Again, Jack Welch had joined General Electric as the chief executive officer, and had transformed the organization into an agile powerhouse. His enormous motivation has encouraged his managers to respond most effectively (Lind and Stevens, 2004). To cite other examples of transformational business alteration include total quality control as well as outsourcing. Outsourcing has rendered increased efficiencies in the business processes. This also led to the generation of numerous jobs in all impoverished areas of the globe. Transformation leadership style initiates with awareness, specifically in terms of feelings, thoughts, how these impact upon the actions and also others states. Transformational leadership motivates the wholeness of being; hence personal thoughts, actions, and feelings are thoroughly consistent (Martinez-Campillo, 2014). It solely means to lead with integrity as well as authenticity which resonates along with others, and also motivates them. The style not only encourages others to follow but to act as leaders themselves. Transformational leadership refers to an effective role of managers who seek success since leader effectiveness dictates the level of success towards the organization. Conclusion: From the above study, it can be perceived that although no specific leadership style is perfect for all organizations, the most preferred form of leadership style is transformational style that has been practiced by major successful companies (Moors, 2012). One worth mentioning is that as per the researches it has been identified that Bill Gates who is most respected in the world of business is a transformational leader. He believed in the idea of innovation as well as creativity, along with thorough motivation of his fellow team members. He encouraged them at a great level and ensured that his organization was directed as per the strategic objectives that were determined by him. Reflective Report From the assignment report on leadership style, I feel I have acquired ample amount of knowledge regarding the subject area. From the study I opine that an effective leader usually satisfies two key areas: potential personality as well as knowledgeable or experienced. I learn that a business firm may adopt any leadership style at any point of time depending upon the situational demands. No single leadership style is perfect for every organization. So, in future I would never judge a leader as per his leadership style; rather I would consider the business environment he works around. It is quite clear to me that a true test of leadership as well as that of a leader is their capability to attain their followers. Leaders may provide vision to followers but the need to convince others rather than just telling is much more important and essential. The concept of followership did highlight to me that I may possess best ideas, charisma and determination, but these would not help me if I lac k followership. While undertaking the assignment on leadership style in organizations, I came across various important and essential information and knowledge about leadership style. I learnt that transformational leadership cannot take place in absence of positive followership as well as a transformational leader thoroughly motivates his followers to execute more than is expected to do. The key aspects that resonated with me all throughout are ethics, authentic and transformational leadership, and followership. It is quite clear to me that a leader who emphasizes on these aspects would be able to bring about significant changes and also be an effective, respected and creative leader within the organization. I totally agree to the knowledge that innovative leadership requires to embody authenticity whereby values are expressed as well as embraced by their followers and ethical decisions are completely based on the creative thinking, autonomy and consequences, rather than solutions t hat are short-term. I learn that organizational structure and culture play crucial role in the determination of leadership style to be incorporated by any firm. When business firms are analyzed, it is identified that all major successful firms practice transformational leadership style as evidenced by the most famous entrepreneur, Bill Gates. Reflection upon the practices of this great leader, it taught me that it is not just enough to possess best ideas and creativity. It is also important to acquire and manage followers in the best way possible. This would enhance the role and controlling power of a leader. I have learnt that with my personal experiences, I need to gain authenticity. When I lead my own role, I would focus on staying true to my own values. All the learning and information that I acquired from the study would be of immense help to me in future if I utilize the information in my own practical field. When such situations would arise where I need to exhibit my leadersh ip qualities, I would make sure that I pay enough attention to the need to develop followers before practicing any of the leadership styles. I would encourage my team members to undertake tasks that are aligned to the strategic objectives as laid in favor of the organizational environment. References Ali Shurbagi, A. (2014). The Relationship between Transformational Leadership Style Job Satisfaction and the Effect of Organizational Commitment.International Business Research, 7(11). Al-Mailam, F. (2004). Transactional Versus Transformational Style of LeadershipEmployee Perception of Leadership Efficacy in Public and Private Hospitals in Kuwait.Quality Management in Health Care, 13(4), pp.278-284. Chapparamani, D. and Jyothi, P. (2011). Review of Literature on Leadership and Leadership Qualities.IJAR, 4(2), pp.7-9. Chen, J. and Silverthorne, C. (2005). Leadership effectiveness, leadership style and employee readiness.Leadership Org Development J, 26(4), pp.280-288. Chiu, E. (2010). Essential qualities and tasks of leadership.Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 2(4), pp.176-176. Chreim, S. (2014). The (non)distribution of leadership roles: Considering leadership practices and configurations.Human Relations. Clarke, M. (2011). Organizational democracy, ethics and leadership: The mediating role of organizational politics.Leadership, 7(4), pp.415-433. Fisher, K. and Robbins, C. (2014). Embodied leadership: Moving from leader competencies to leaderful practices.Leadership. Holly, C. and Igwee, G. (2011). A systematic review of the influence of transformational leadership style on nursing staff in acute care hospitals.International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare, 9(3), p.301. Iszatt-White, M. (2009). Leadership as Emotional Labour: The Effortful Accomplishment of Valuing Practices.Leadership, 5(4), pp.447-467. Kennedy, P. (2008). Enterprise risk management: effective ERM practices.Strategy Leadership, 36(3). Khany, R. and Ghoreishi, M. (2014). One the Relationship between Teachers Sense of Responsibility and Transformational Leadership Style.Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 136, pp.302-307. Lind, B. and Stevens, J. (2004). Match your merger integration strategy and leadership style to your merger type.Strategy Leadership, 32(4), pp.10-16. Martinez-Campillo, A. (2014). The benefits of related and unrelated diversification strategies in the Spanish context: What is the difference that executive leadership style can make?.Leadership. Moors, G. (2012). The effect of response style bias on the measurement of transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership.European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 21(2), pp.271-298. Muchtar, Y. and Qamariah, I. (2014). he Influence of Transformational Leadership Style on Innovation Mediated by Organizational Culture.jmr, 6(4), p.176. Pinnington, A. (2011). Leadership development: Applying the same leadership theories and development practices to different contexts?.Leadership, 7(3), pp.335-365. Simpson, B., Green, J. and Scott, J. (2011). Promising Practices in Leadership Development.cjnl, 24(3), pp.26-38. Tan, S., Chin, S., Seyal, A., Yeow, J. and Tan, K. (2013). The Relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and Transformational Leadership Style among Student Leaders.JSAR, pp.1-17.

Effect of Social Media on Consumer Buying Behavior

Question: Discuss about the Effect of Social Media on Consumer Buying Behavior? Answer: Introduction Background to the study Social media has been playing an effective role in different aspects like business, advertising and education. Consumers have progressively utilized technology in particular as an effective source for online shopping process (Tuten and Solomon 2013). In this research, the focus of the topic would be to assess social media on consumer behavior of Apple. Research problem The major problem in this research is that due to lack of proper advertising, the consumers are not satisfied with some products of Apple. Moreover, the software quality is not improved. Consumer analysis is highly predicted because effect of social media increases product distribution of Apple accessories and phones (Tuten and Solomon,2013). Research aim The aim of the research is to identify the effectiveness of social media on consumer buying behavior in Apple. Research objectives To identify how social media has affected consumers of Apple To evaluate the effect of social media that has a link on consumer buying behavior To recommend practices of social media for increasing consumer buying behavior in Apple Literature review Characteristics of Social media Social media is a process that attains gaining attention of target audience through social media site (Albarran 2013). In case of Apple, social media would be helpful because it will attract the consumers through Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Pinterest and others. On marketing social media, consumers find various types of messages, tweets, news feed instantly through social networking sites. However, social networking websites allows the individual and other businesses to interact in building relationships. In order, when the company joins social channels, the consumers directly interact with them. Additionally, social networking sites would act as word of mouth (Dagher and Itani 2014). This will follow different types of posts and tweet according to connections made through social networks. It is also seen that social networks is associated by building viral communities. It allows the consumers to express their thoughts, needs, and values through online. Moreover, if a model is devel oped on social media, then there needs to be followed like definition of financial plan, promotion, performance, organizational structure, and potential resources of products and services (Estelami 2014). Generic theory of buying behavior It is observed for different purchases that consumer follows a generic model of decision-making process. Here, the buyers have to recognize a need that will make purchasing factors. It also develops pricing and products in the current market. For example, the decision of buying an iPhone would come if there would be a process of repair. It would also develop the cost of the item relatively. However, the consumers would also have to investigate the washing machines that have come into the market. Ultimately, the main point would be to evaluate pricing, benefits and features of the product in the market area for making a decision-process (Martins, Yusuf and Swanson 2012). Moreover, it would also help to purchase items that would be beneficial. Thus, if the consumer is satisfied with the performance of the product, then the purchase of the brand will be phenomenal in future. Research Methodology Research philosophy It provides the researcher to face obstacles to collect the data from different sources. Following a single philosophy for the research study, the investigator could get better path towards the exact results of the research. For this reason, the research philosophy is divided into four sections, which follows Positivism, Realism, Post-Positivism, and Interpretivism. Among these sections, the investigator has selected Positivism research philosophy to bring the full output of the study (Zanutto 2013). Although, the application of this research philosophy noticed different issues that will be discussed for clear understanding. Research Approach For the ultimate outcome, the investigator must organize the data in a most efficient way. It is differentiated in two sections namely Inductive and Deductive research approach. Among those inductive and deductive research approach, it is clear that both have different functions. The deductive one helps the investigator to gather crystal and transparent information that are relevant to the topic (Love 2012). Research strategy The investigator marks out a suitable strategy for developing the study. Here, the strategies include survey, case studies, experiments, etc. This topic needs an in-depth knowledge to access a good position (Goodson, Loveless and Stephens 2012). The investigator has selected Survey strategy. It has a scope to collect some helpful information and utilize various opinions concerning the research issues. Data collection procedure This procedure is allowed to collect the data from the marked population. Same as above it is of two kinds namely primary data collection and secondary data collection. The primary data collection process includes collection of data from those marked population. For executing the quantitative process, the investigator has conducted the survey procedure. It is seen that every question contains four to five options and among those, the candidates just have to select one option for each question and in case of qualitative data collection the investigator take appointment and interview session from those managers of the company to collect the data (Al, 2013). Here, the investigator has taken 50 respondents of Apple and 3 mangers to interpret quantitative and qualitative data collection method. Sampling method The investigator chooses the population in a very organized way because the probability of getting quality data is very high. In this process, the investigator chooses the managers to gather knowledge about the topic. In probability sampling process, the population is chosen in random (Love, 2012). Ethical considerations The collections of data through qualitative process are very confidential because the investigator has never published the data. The managers of the organization hide some data to maintain confidentiality. In order, this issue blocks the investigator to access good quality research (6 and Bellamy 2012). Moreover, the investigator confirms that these data will only be used for academic purpose and not for commercial one. Time Horizon Activities 1St Week 2nd week 3rd week 4th week 5th week 6th week 7th week Introduction Literature review Aims and Objectives Research approach Research methodology Secondary data analysis Evaluation on data Research monitoring Final Submission Table 1: Gantt chart Reference List 6, P. and Bellamy, C. (2012). Principles of methodology. London: SAGE. Al, S. (2013). Interpretive research design: concepts and processes. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 16(4), pp.351-352. Albarran, A. (2013). The social media industries. New York: Routledge. Dagher, G. and Itani, O. (2014). Factors influencing green purchasing behaviour: Empirical evidence from the Lebanese consumers. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 13(3), pp.188-195. Estelami, H. (2014). An ethnographic study of consumer financial sophistication. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 13(5), pp.328-341. Goodson, I., Loveless, A. and Stephens, D. (2012). Explorations in narrative research. Rotterdam: SensePublishers. Love, K. (2012). Ethics in social research. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Martins, J., Yusuf, F. and Swanson, D. (2012). Consumer demographics and behaviour. Dordrecht: Springer. Tuten, T. and Solomon, M. (2013). Social media marketing. Boston: Pearson. Zanutto, A. (2013). Handbook of constructionist research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 16(1), pp.87-89.